Economic development, employment, and land

The Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody (RCIADIC) highlighted that economic independence is key to reducing systemic disadvantage and incarceration. One key focus of RCIADIC was the Community Development Enterprise Program. This initiative was unique to Victoria, and recommendations related to it were therefore outside of the scope of Looking Back. However, the commissioners also called for broader improvement in the economic opportunities available to Aboriginal people and communities — more support through employment initiatives, community-driven approaches, and Aboriginal involvement in major economic developments (eg. mining and tourism).

RCIADIC highlighted that while land issues may not seem directly related to the high rates of detention and deaths in custody of Aboriginal people, they were in fact crucial underlying factors. The commissioners deliberately emphasised the term ‘land needs’ rather than ‘land rights’, to focus on practical concerns rather than ideological or politically charged debates. Addressing the differing land needs of communities across Australia was essential for effectively tackling systemic disadvantages, including the overrepresentation of Aboriginal people in custody.

The AJC identified persistent barriers for progress remain, such as tokenistic consultation in land negotiations. Traditional Owners should not just be notified of major projects and land developments, but rather meaningfully engaged with. Land return and financial compensation remain inadequate, with limited enforcement of rights under the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006 (Vic) and Native Title Act 1993. Aboriginal community voices—through AJC, the Yoorrook Justice Commission, and community groups—continue to highlight that genuine self-determination requires not only access to land and capital, but legal reforms that prioritise Aboriginal authority, informed consent, and restorative economic justice.